Energy flux partitioning and evapotranspiration in a sub‐alpine spruce forest ecosystem          下载免费PDF全文

Zhu Gaofeng  Lu Ling  Su Yonghong  Wang Xufeng  Cui Xia  Ma Jinzhu  He Jianhua  Zhang Kun  Li Changbin 《水文研究》2014,28(19):5093-5104

In this study, we examined the year 2011 characteristics of energy flux partitioning and evapotranspiration of a sub‐alpine spruce forest underlain by permafrost on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QPT). Energy balance closure on a half‐hourly basis was H + λE = 0.81 × (R_n ? G ? S) + 3.48 (W m^?2) (r² = 0.83, n = 14938), where H, λE, R_n, G and S are the sensible heat, latent heat, net radiation, soil heat and air‐column heat storage fluxes, respectively. Maximum H was higher than maximum λE, and H dominated the energy budget at midday during the whole year, even in summer time. However, the rainfall events significantly affected energy flux partitioning and evapotranspiration. The mean value of evaporative fraction (Λ = λE/(λE + H)) during the growth period on zero precipitation days and non‐zero precipitation days was 0.40 and 0.61, respectively. The mean daily evapotranspiration of this sub‐alpine forest during summer time was 2.56 mm day^?1. The annual evapotranspiration and sublimation was 417 ± 8 mm year^?1, which was very similar to the annual precipitation of 428 mm. Sublimation accounted for 7.1% (30 ± 2 mm year^?1) of annual evapotranspiration and sublimation, indicating that the sublimation is not negligible in the annual water balance in sub‐alpine forests on the QPT. The low values of the Priestley–Taylor coefficient (α) and the very low value of the decoupling coefficient (Ω) during most of the growing season suggested low soil water content and conservative water loss in this sub‐alpine forest. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Evolutionary biogeography on Ophiocordyceps sinensis:An indicator of molecular phylogeny to geochronological and ecological exchanges     

《地学前缘(英文版)》2020,11(3):807-820

The fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis is endemic to the vast region of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau(QTP).The unique and complex geographical environmental conditions have led to the "sky island" distribution structure of O.sinensis.Due to limited and unbalanced sample collections,the previous data on O.sinensis regarding its genetic diversity and spatial structure have been deemed insufficient.In this study,we analyzed the diversity and phylogeographic structures of O.sinensis using internally transcribed spacer region(ITS) and 5-locus datasets by a large-scale sampling.A total of 111 haplotypes of ITS sequences were identified from 948 samples data of the fungus O.sinensis,with representing high genetic diversity,and 8 phylogenetic clades were recognized in O.sinensis.Both the southeastern Tibet and the northwestern Yunnan were the centers of genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of the fungus,and they were inferred as the glacial refugia in the Quaternary.Three distribution patterns were identified to correspond to the 8 clades,including but not limited to the coexistence of widely and specific local distributive structures.It also revealed that the differentiation pattern of O.sinensis did not fit for the isolation-by-distance model.The differentiation into the 8 clades occurred between 1.56 Myr and6.62 Myr.The ancestor of O.sinensis most likely originated in the late Miocene(6.62 Myr) in the northwestern Yunnan,and the Scene A-C of the Qinghai-Tibetan movements may have played an important role in the differentiation of O.sinensis during the late Miocene-Pliocene periods.Our current results provide a much clearer and detailed understanding of the genetic diversity and geographical spatial distribution of the endemic alpine fungus O.sinensis.It also revealed that the geochronology resulting from paleogeology could be cross-examined with biomolecular clock at a finer scale.  相似文献   

基于密集台阵的青藏高原东北缘地壳精细结构及九寨沟地震震源区结构特征分析   总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文

李敏娟  沈旭章  张元生  刘旭宙  梅秀苹 《地球物理学报》2018,61(5):2075-2087

基于青藏高原东北缘密集宽频带野外流动观测台阵以及固定台站资料，利用双差层析成像方法对地震位置和研究区的地壳速度结构进行了反演.最终用于联合反演的地震事件合计9644个.结果显示青藏高原东北缘速度结构具有明显的横向不均匀性.从整体上看，青藏高原地区表现为低速异常，鄂尔多斯表现为高速异常，而扬子地块亦表现为高速异常.不同深度处速度结构表现不一致，同一深度处P波速度结构和S波速度结构也有明显差异.由西秦岭北缘断裂带、临潭-宕昌断裂以及礼县-罗家堡断裂围限的地震活动强烈的区域中，P波速度结构由深度0 km时呈现的低速异常，逐渐过渡到5 km时高低速相间分布的特征；而S波速度结构在此区域中，由近地表0 km时高低速相间分布的特征，逐渐过渡到30 km时几乎表现为低速异常.2017年8月8日九寨沟7级地震所在的塔藏断裂、岷江断裂和雪山断裂围限区域，在深度20 km处的P波速度结构和周围存在明显差异，九寨沟地震处于高速异常与低速异常的过渡带内.此外，2013年7月22日发生在青藏高原东北缘的岷漳县6.6级地震，震源区所在的临潭-宕昌断裂附近的P波速度结构在15 km深度处也有明显特征，震源位置所在区域也处于高低速过渡带.该区域这种地壳内部高低速过渡带可能是应力比较容易积累而发生中强地震的一个重要场所.  相似文献   

利用P波接收函数研究青藏高原东南缘地幔转换带结构   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

白一鸣  艾印双  姜明明  何玉梅  陈棋福 《地球物理学报》2018,61(2):570-583

研究青藏高原东南缘的深部结构对于理解印度-欧亚板块的碰撞机理和青藏高原的形成演化具有重要的科学意义.本研究对布设在研究区域内566个固定和流动地震台站的波形资料进行了处理，获得77853条高质量P波接收函数，应用接收函数共转换点（CCP）叠加技术获得了研究区域下方精细的地幔转换带间断面起伏形态及转换带厚度变化图像.结果表明：研究区域南北方向上具有两个明显的转换带增厚异常区，南侧异常区位于滇中次级块体与印支块体下方，可能是新特提斯洋板片与上部印度板块间断离并部分滞留在转换带底部的结果；北侧川西地区异常增厚可能与上方岩石圈拆沉并降至转换带有关；腾冲火山起源可能是板块俯冲过程中发生断离造成软流圈物质部分熔融，湿热物质上涌所致.  相似文献   

青藏高原东南缘构造应力场重构     

侯强  丁小军  赵宏  欧明霖  张博康 《大地测量与地球动力学》2019,39(5):458-463

采用有限元方法，针对青藏高原东南缘建立更细致、更精确的三维有限元弹性模型。选取9种不同的应力边界条件，分别进行优化分析后处理，将对应台站形变模拟值与GPS实测值进行误差分析，最终选取最佳方案作为古构造应力场。结果表明，青藏高原东南缘4 Ma BP的古应力场主要起源于中国大陆周围板块的相互作用，特别是印度板块NNE向强烈碰撞作用，成为中国大陆尤其是西南部青藏高原地区构造应力场最主要的动力来源，控制各个块体相互作用的方式和运动格局。青藏高原东南缘古应力场主要包括几个力源：西北部青藏高原侧向挤压造成的WE向应力约105 MPa；西南部直接来自于印度板块的NE-WS向应力约70 MPa；南部NS向作用力33 MPa；东南部扬子块体侧向NW-SE阻挡力56 MPa；北东部受扬子块体强烈EW向阻挡力90 MPa。这些力源共同作用于青藏高原东南缘，形成现今复杂应力场。
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Impacts of groundwater flow on the evolution of a thermokarst lake in the permafrost–dominated region on the Qinghai–Tibet plateau     

Jinlong Li  Wei Wang  Xianmin Ke  Jianhua Li  Yating Yu  Zeyong Gao  Fujun Niu 《水文研究》2021,35(12):e14443

As a result of global warming induced permafrost degradation in recent decades, thermokarst lakes in the Qinghai–Tibet plateau (QTP) have been regulating local hydrological and ecological processes. Simulations with coupled moisture–heat numerical models in the Beiluhe basin (located in the hinterland of permafrost regions on the QTP) have provided insights into the interaction between groundwater flow and the freeze–thaw process. A total of 30 modified SUTRA scenarios were established to examine the effects of hydrodynamic forces, permeability, and climate on thermokarst lakes. The results indicate that the hydrodynamic condition variables regulate the permafrost degradation around the lakes. In case groundwater recharges to the lake, a low–temperature groundwater flow stimulates the expansion of the surrounding thawing regions through thermal convection. The thawing rate of the permafrost underlying the lake intensifies when groundwater is discharged from the lake. Under different permeability conditions, spatiotemporal variations in the active layer thickness significantly influence the occurrence of an open talik at the lake bottom. A warmer and wetter climate will inevitably lead to a sharp decrease in the upper limit of the surrounding permafrost, with a continual decrease in the duration of open talik events. Overall, our results underscore that comprehensive consideration of the relevant hydrologic processes is critical for improving the understanding of environmental and ecological changes in cold environments.  相似文献   

PRESENT KINEMATICS CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORTHERN YUMUSHAN ACTIVE FAULT AND ITS RESPONSE TO THE NORTHEASTWARD GROWTH OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU          下载免费PDF全文

CHEN Gan  ZHENG Wen-jun  WANG Xu-long  ZHANG Pei-zhen  XIONG Jian-guo  YU Jin-xing  LIU Xing-wang  BI Hai-yun  LIU Jin-rui  AI Ming 《地震地质》2017,39(5):871-888

Qilian Shan and Hexi Corridor, located in the north of Tibetan plateau, are the margin of Tibetan plateau's tectonic deformation and pushing. Its internal deformations and activities can greatly conserve the extension process and characteristics of the Plateau. The research of Qilian Shan and Hexi Corridor consequentially plays a significant role in understanding tectonic deformation mechanism of Tibetan plateau. The northern Yumushan Fault, located in the middle of the northern Qilian Shan thrust belt, is a significant component of Qilian Shan thrust belt which divides Yumushan and intramontane basins in Hexi Corridor. Carrying out the research of Yumushan Fault will help explain the kinematics characteristics of the northern Yumushan active fault and its response to the northeastward growth of the Tibetan plateau.Because of limited technology conditions of the time, different research emphases and some other reasons, previous research results differ dramatically. This paper summarizes the last 20 years researches from the perspectives of fault slip rates, paleao-earthquake characteristics and tectonic deformation. Using aerial-photo morphological analysis, field investigation, optical simulated luminescence(OSL)dating of alluvial surfaces and topographic profiles, we calculate the vertical slip rate and strike-slip rate at the typical site in the northern Yumushan Fault, which is(0.55±0.15)mm/a and(0.95±0.11), respectively. On the controversial problems, namely "the Luotuo(Camel)city scarp" and the 180 A.D. Biaoshi earthquake, we use aerial-photo analysis, particular field investigation and typical profile dating. We concluded that "Luotuo city scarp" is the ruin of ancient diversion works rather than the fault scarp of the 180 A.D. Biaoshi earthquake. Combining the topographic profiles of the mountain range with fault characteristics, we believe Yumu Shan is a part of Qilian Shan. The uplift of Yumu Shan is the result of Qilian Shan and Yumu Shan itself pushing northwards. Topographic profile along the crest of the Yumu Shan illustrates the decrease from its center to the tips, which is similar to the vertical slip rates and the height of fault scarp. These show that Yumu Shan is controlled by fault extension and grows laterally and vertically. At present, fault activities are still concentrated near the north foot of Yumu Shan, and the mountain ranges continue to rise since late Cenozoic.  相似文献   

青藏高原东北缘及周边地区基于程函方程的面波层析成像   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

钟世军  吴建平  房立华  王未来  范莉苹  王怀富 《地球物理学报》2017,60(6):2304-2314

利用"中国地震科学台阵探测"在南北地震带北段布设的670套宽频带地震台站记录到的面波资料,使用新近发展的程函方程面波层析成像方法,获得了青藏高原东北缘及周边地区12~60 s周期范围比以往成像结果具有更高分辨率的瑞利面波相速度分布图像.青藏高原东北缘的祁连褶皱系西段、秦岭褶皱系西段和松潘一甘孜褶皱系,在16~60s周期范围内均显示出明显的低速异常分布,表明该地区的地壳力学强度较低,在强烈的构造应力作用下易发生形变.与西段不同,祁连褶皱系东段和秦岭褶皱系中段的相速度分布特征揭示,其中下地壳的速度明显高于高原内部区域.鄂尔多斯块体整体上表现为稳定块体具有的高速特征,但其西部边缘在中上地壳的速度比块体中部地区偏低,且存在一定的不均匀性.鄂尔多斯块体西北缘的临河断陷盆地和西缘的银川断陷盆地,在较短的周期范围内(12~20 s)表现为局部低速特征,但与银川断陷盆地不同,临河断陷盆地的低速特征可一直延续至60 s周期以上,表明该盆地下方地壳及上地幔速度明显偏低,可能与深部热作用有关.阿拉善块体与其北部地区的速度差异主要表现在中上地壳,这一现象值得今后进一步探讨.基于程函方程面波层析成像方法给出了青藏高原东北缘及周边地区高分辨率的成像结果,揭示了以往面波层析成像难以获得的深部细节特征,为该地区的深部构造研究提供了新的信息.  相似文献   

青藏高原东缘的地壳流及动力过程   总被引：13，自引：6，他引：7       下载免费PDF全文

朱介寿  王绪本  杨宜海  范军  程先琼 《地球物理学报》2017,60(6):2038-2057

黏滞性地壳流对地壳及上地幔变形作用及动力机制,是大陆新生代造山带的一个重要研究内容.青藏高原中下地壳存在部分熔融或含水物质的黏滞性流体,已为一系列地球物理及岩石学研究所证实.为研究青藏高原东缘地壳流的动力作用,本文用密集的被动源宽频带地震台的观测数据,反演了地壳上地幔精细速度结构和泊松比.研究表明,川西及滇西北高原的中地壳内普遍存在低速层,而高泊松比的地壳只分布在川西北地区.位于中地壳的黏滞性地壳流从青藏高原腹地羌塘高原流出,自北西向南东流入青藏高原东缘.这些黏滞性地壳流带动了上地壳块体水平移动,当它们受到刚强的四川盆地及华南地块阻挡时将发生分层作用,地壳流将分为二或更多分支不同方向的分流,向上的一支地壳流将对上地壳产生挤压,引起地面隆升,向下的一支地壳流将使莫霍面下沉加厚下地壳·黏滞性地壳流的运动在地壳中产生应变破裂发生强烈地震活动,地震的空间分布与震源机制也受到地壳流动力作用控制.  相似文献   

一次自上向下发展的高原涡的多尺度动力学分析     

容逸能  马继望  李瑶婷  梁湘三 《气象科学进展》2021,(1)

高原涡作为经常给我国带来暴雨等灾害的天气系统,其形成一般认为是通过感热和潜热自下而上激发的,然而,2013年5月下旬发生的一次引发其下游灾害性强降水的高原涡却是由对流层高层天气尺度低涡诱发的。为此,基于新发展的多尺度子空间变换和多尺度能量涡度方法以及ERA5再分析资料对其动力学过程进行了详尽的探讨,先将原始场重构到三个尺度子空间,即背景环流尺度子空间、天气尺度子空间和高频尺度子空间,重构场上首次显示此次过程生成于青藏高原西北侧,其成因为对流层高层基本气流尺度向天气尺度的跨尺度动能正则传输,即正压失稳,并且表现为从高层向下。在发展阶段,其能量最终来源为基本气流向天气尺度的有效位能传输和非绝热加热,然而这些过程只发生于涡旋低层的西侧。进一步分析发现,天气尺度内存在一个能量再分配“路径”:首先,低层西侧获得的有效位能转换为动能,西侧垂直的气压梯度力做功将低层获得动能向高层分配;在高层,水平的气压梯度力做功进而将西侧获得的动能向东侧分配;东侧垂直的气压梯度力做功再将动能向低层分配;至此,低层西侧获得的能量被分配到整个涡旋空间中,使得涡旋能够均匀发展。  相似文献